Niveles bajos de vitamina D y su efecto en la oseointegración: revisión sistemática / Low levels of vitamin D and effect on osseointegration: a systematic review

Introducción: la vitamina D es una hormona que se sintetiza por células de la piel mediante la luz ultravioleta (UV) y se obtiene a través de la dieta. La relación que se establece entre la deficiencia de vitamina D y el fracaso en injertos óseos o implantes se basa en las alteraciones inmunológicas e inflamatorias debido al vínculo que existe con la inmunidad innata y adaptativa. Objetivo: identificar los factores que se presentan en el periodonto cuando existen niveles bajos de vitamina D y se realizan tratamientos periodontales como injertos óseos e implantes. Material y métodos: se realizó la búsqueda primaria de artículos en bases de datos PubMed y Google Académico (en español e inglés), de acuerdo con las palabras claves: deficiencia, vitamina D, implantología y oseointegración. Resultados: la vitamina D afecta y predispone al rechazo de injertos, ausencia de oseointegración en implantes debido a la inmunomodulación. Conclusión: el éxito del tratamiento se vuelve predecible cuando se encuentran niveles óptimos de vitamina D en conjunto con técnicas de abordaje quirúrgico correctas que permitan generar una integración ideal de los tejidos periodontales (AU)

Introduction: vitamin D is a hormone that is synthesized by skin cells using UV light and consumed through the diet. The relationship established between vitamin D deficiency and the failure of bone grafts or implants is based on immunological and inflammatory alterations due to the intimate link with innate and adaptive immunity. Objective: to identify the factors that occur in the periodontium when there are low levels of vitamin D and periodontal treatments such as bone grafts and implants are performed. Material and methods: a search for articles was carried out in PubMed and Google Scholar (Spanish and English). Results: vitamin D affects and predisposes to graft rejection, absence of osseointegration in implants due to immunomodulation. Conclusion: the success of the treatment becomes predictable when optimal levels of vitamin D are found together with the correct surgical approach techniques that allow the generation of an ideal integration of the periodontal tissues.(AU)

Complications with PMMA compared with other materials used in cranioplasty: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) has been considered a suitable material for cranioplasty. However, no consensus has been reached concerning the best material for cranioplasty with regard to minimizing complications. Thus, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to compare the complication rates of PMMA with those of autologous bone and titanium mesh. This review was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42016042725). Systematic searches were conducted on PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science. The focus question was, "Do PMMA prostheses used in cranioplasty have complications rates similar to those of autologous bone and titanium mesh?" A meta-analysis of complication rates was performed on the basis of dichotomous outcomes assessed by risk ratio (RR) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI). From 1014 data sources, 11 articles were selected according to eligibility criteria. These articles involved 1,256 individuals and 1,278 cranioplasties using autologous bone (n = 408), PMMA (n = 379), or titanium (n = 151). The follow-up period ranged from 63 days to 54.3 months. No difference was observed between the complication rates of PMMA and autologous bone (p = 0.94; RR, 0.98; 95%CI, 0.54-1.75) or between PMMA and titanium (p = 0.38; RR, 1.59; 95%CI, 0.57-4.48). Sub-analysis of the reasons for craniotomy (trauma/non-trauma) was conducted, which revealed no significant difference (p = 0.91; RR, 0.95; 95%CI, 0.37-2.42). The meta-analysis indicated that the use of PMMA yields complication rates that are near those of autologous bone and titanium mesh.

Enxerto ósseo em bloco autógeno na maxila: relato de caso clínico / Autogenous block bone graft in the upper jaw: report of case

A instalação de implantes em áreas com perda óssea pode estar associada a uma relação coroa-implante desfavorável, resultado estético insatisfatório e dificuldades de higienização, prejudicando o prognóstico do tratamento. O enxerto ósseo possibilita a instalação de implantes em uma posição tridimensional favorável. Alguns métodos têm sido estudados e propostos para a reconstrução do osso alveolar perdido: enxertos ósseos autógenos, homógenos, substitutos ósseos alógenos, xenógenos e aloplásticos. Ainda existe a regeneração óssea guiada, distração osteogênica, fatores de crescimento e as combinações destas referidas metodologias. Dentre os materiais disponíveis, o osso autógeno é tido como primeira opção para a reconstrução óssea,tido como padrão ouro em enxertia óssea, pois fornece as condições mais favoráveis de reparo pós-cirúrgico, por apresentar as propriedades de osteocondução, osteoindução e osteogênese,auxiliando na correção de defeitos de espessura, desde que haja um bom suprimento vascular no local. Neste trabalho é demonstrada uma técnica de enxertia óssea em bloco autógeno, através da realização de um caso clínico, para a reconstrução de maxila atrófica, visando o aumento do volume ósseo disponível para a instalação de implantes dentais.

The installation of implants in areas of bone loss may be associated with an unfavorable ratiocrown-implant, unsatisfactory aesthetic result and cleaning difficulties, impairing treatment prognosis. The bone graft allows the installation of implants in a favorable three-dimensional position. Some methods have been studied and proposed for the reconstruction of lost alveolar bone: autogenous bone grafts, homogeneous bone, allogenic, xenogenous and alloplasticbone substitutes. There is still the guided bone regeneration, distraction osteogenesis, growth factors and combinations of these referred methodologies. Among the materials available, the autogenous bone is considered as the first option for bone reconstruction, considered the gold standard in bone grafting because it provides the most favorable conditions for post-surgical repair, presenting the properties of osteoconductive, osteoinductive and osteogenesis, helping the correction of the defects of thickness, since there is a good blood supply in the area. Thiswork shows a bone grafting technique in autogenous block by performing a case for the reconstruction of atrophic maxilla, in order to increase bone volume available for the installation of dental implants.

Management of Infected Non-Union by Implant Retainment and Papineau Open Bone Grafting – Report of Two Cases.

Introduction : Infection following implant surgery in orthopaedics is a disaster both for surgeon and patient. Management of infected non-union is a most challenging task an orthopaedic surgeon can ever face. Infection following implant surgery not only leads to repeated surgeries, long term antibiotic use, stiffness of neighbouring joints and long term hospital stay but also effects patients economic, social, psychological status. Cases : Here we present report of 2 cases infected non-union ulna which was managed by stabilisation of non-union site by altering position of existing plate followed by period of open dressing till healthy granulation tissue appears. Later open bone grafting procedure done. Both patients were followed up for 15 months. Results : At the end of 4 months both patients achieved bony union without recurrence of infection. So, we conclude management of infected nonunions by altering plate position and by following papineau method of open bone grafting leads to satisfactory results. Conclusion : This technique is simple, effective and done with minimal expenditure and could be best procedure of choice in patients where cost benefit analysis appears critical.

Infección asociada a reconstrucción del ligamento cruzado anterior. Intervención multimodal para reducir la tasa de infección / Infection associated with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Introducción: Mientras la tasa internacional de infección de sitio quirúrgico (ISQ) asociada a plástica de ligamento cruzado anterior (PLCA) oscila entre 0,14 % y 5,7 %, la tasa nacional reportada por VIHDA es de 1,06 %. Aunque estas tasas resulten bajas, cuando las ISQ ocurren causan gran morbilidad. Debido a un aumento en la incidencia, tipo brote de ISQ asociada a PLCA observada en nuestro hospital se decidió implementar una intervención multimodal para reducir esta tasa. Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto de una intervención multimodal para prevenir las ISQ asociadas a PLCA en un hospital universitario. Material y métodos: A través de un estudio cuasi experimental (antes/después) se incluyeron prospectivamente los pacientes sometidos a PLCA, entre May-2012 y Ene-2014 (período intervención) luego de la implementación de las siguientes medidas preventivas: pesquisa de colonización por SAMR, baño pre-quirúrgico con clorhexidina al 2 %; ajuste del rasurado pre-quirúrgico; higiene de manos quirúrgica con productos de base alcohólica; antisepsia de piel con clorhexidina alcohólica al 2 %; ajuste de la profilaxis quirúrgica; reducción del tiempo de exposición ambiental del tendón(injerto). Como control se utilizó una cohorte retrospectiva de pacientes sometidos a PLCA entre Ene-2011 y Abr-2012 (período pre-intervención).). Durante el período intervención se realizó cultivo de los tendones antes de su implante. Resultados: En el periodo pre-intervención se registró una tasa de ISQ de 5,50 % (11/200), en el período intervención la tasa se redujo a 2,01 % (6/298) (diferencia 3,49 %; IC95 % 0,23 % a 6,74 %; p<0,05). Esta diferencia se debió sólo en ST-RI ya que en el grupo de HTH no hubo diferencia significativa. El 42,2% (122/289) de los tendones tuvieron cultivos + antes del implante...

Introduction: As the international rate of surgical site infection (SSI) associated with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) ranges between 0.14% and 5.7%, the national rate reported by VIHDA is 1.06%. Although these rates are very low, when SSIs occur cause significant morbidity. Due to an increase in the incidence of SSI in ACLR observed in our hospital, we decided to implement a multimodal intervention to reduce this rate. Objective: To evaluate the impact of a multimodal intervention to prevent SSIs associated with ACLR in a University Hospital. Methods: Through a quasi-experimental study (before / after) were prospectively included all patients undergoing ACLR , between May 2012 and Jan-2014 (intervention period) after the implementation of the following preventive measures : screening for MRSA colonization, pre-operative bathing with chlorhexidine 2%; setting of pre-operative shaving; surgical hand hygiene with alcohol-based products; skin antisepsis with 2% chlorhexidine alcoholic; setting surgical prophylaxis and reducing the time of environmental exposure of the tendon. As a control, a retrospective cohort of patients undergoing ACLR between Jan-2011 and Feb-2012 (pre-intervention period) was used. During the intervention in the operating room and before implantation the tendons were culture. Results: The pre-intervention period rate of SSI was 5.50% (11/200). In the intervention period the rate was reduced to 2.01% (6/298) (difference 3.49% ; 95% CI 0.23% to 6.74%; p <0.05). This difference was due only to surgeries with hamstrings 42.2% (122/289) of the grafts had positive cultures before implantation...

Avaliação da dor na área doadora de pacientes com fissura labiopalatina submetidos a reparo do defeito ósseo alveolar com enxerto autógeno de crista ilíaca: um estudo prospectivo randomizado comparando dois extratores ósseos / Assessment of donor area pain in patients with cleft lip and palate undergoing alveolar bone defects repairs using iliac crest autogenous grafting: a prospective randomized comparison of two bone extractors

INTRODUÇÃO: Enxerto ósseo autógeno é o padrão no tratamento da falha óssea alveolar. Como a morbidade na área doadora após a obtenção de enxerto ósseo continua sendo um problema relevante em pacientes fissurados, este estudo avaliou a dor na área doadora de pacientes fissurados submetidos ao tratamento de falhas ósseas alveolares com a transferência de enxerto ósseo obtido da crista ilíaca, por meio de um estudo prospectivo randomizado, comparando dois extratores ósseos. MÉTODO: Trinta e seis pacientes com fissura labiopalatina, submetidos ao reparo da falha óssea alveolar com enxerto obtido da crista ilíaca com auxílio do extrator ósseo SOBRAPAR (grupo A) ou extrator ósseo UCLA (grupo B), foram incluídos. A dor na área doadora foi avaliada no período pós-operatório com auxílio da escala numérica unidimensional de dor (0- "sem dor"; 10- "pior dor que se pode imaginar"). RESULTADOS: As médias das mensurações da dor na área doadora não revelaram diferenças significativas (p>0,05 para todas as comparações) nas comparações realizadas entre os grupos A e B, em nenhum dos momentos pós-operatórios avaliados. Houve um maior número (p<0,05) de pacientes do grupo B que não reportaram dor na área doadora, quando comparado ao grupo A. CONCLUSÕES: Este estudo apresentou um maior número de pacientes do grupo B "sem dor", quando comparado aos pacientes do grupo A, não existindo diferenças entre aqueles que reportaram quaisquer notas diferentes de zero.

INTRODUCTION: Autogenous bone grafting is the standard treatment for alveolar bone defects. However, morbidity in the donor area after the bone graft has been obtained continues to be a significant problem in cleft patients. This prospective randomized study compared donor area pain associated with the use of 2 bone extractors in patients with cleft lip and palate, who underwent treatment of alveolar bone defects using a bone graft obtained from the iliac crest. METHOD: Thirty-six patients with cleft lip and palate underwent alveolar bone defect repair using a graft from the iliac crest, harvested with either a SOBRAPAR bone extractor (group A) or UCLA bone extractor (group B). Donor area pain was evaluated in the postoperative period with the aid of a unidimensional numerical pain scale (0, "no pain"; 10, "worst pain imaginable"). RESULTS: Comparison of the mean donor area pain score did not reveal any significant differences (p >0.05 for all comparisons) between the groups A and B, at any of the postoperative times evaluated. A significantly higher number of patients in group B reported no pain in the donor area, compared with group A (p <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that a significantly greater number of patients in group B reported "no pain", compared with patients in group A; with regard to patients who reported any level of pain greater than zero, there were no between-group differences.

Professional responsibility and nerve damage: court Case related to surgical grafts / Responsabilidade profissional e lesões nervosas: caso judicial relacionado a enxertos cirúrgicos

During implant placement and surgical practice, it is not uncommon the contact or the violation of the continuity of important nerve fibers from the region of the mouth, resulting in characteristic symptoms in patients. Such injuries can result in legal repercussions against the dental surgeon, who to avoid them shall establish specific actions in his proceeding. Purpose: The objectives of this study were to present a forensic case, emphasizing the legal care that the dentist must have in the course of treatment and to guide forensic dentistry experts during the expertise exam. Case description: In this case, the patient had complications after the autogenous bone graft surgery. The graft was resorbed, and the patient had hypoesthesia in the graft donor area. The dental surgeon had not informed her about the risks of surgery, and had not applied the Consent Form. With proof of damage, there was disruption of the doctor-patient relationship and patient sought rights in court. Conclusion: The correct diagnosis and planning, the prior written consent, including the risks of the procedure, and appropriate management of patients decrease the clinical and legal complications in cases of dental error. Similarly, the expert must have a competent clinical approach, performing the indicated and appropriated tests for the proper valuation of the damage generated...

Durante a prática cirúrgica e implantodôntica, não é raro ocorrer o contato ou a violação da continuidade de fibras nervosas importantes da região bucal, resultando em sintomas característicos nos pacientes. Tais injúrias podem resultar em repercussões legais contra o cirurgião dentista, que, para evitá-las, deve estabelecer medidas específicas durante sua atuação. Objetivo: O objetivo do trabalho foi apresentar um caso pericial, enfatizando os cuidados legais que o cirurgião-dentista deve ter no decorrer do tratamento, bem como orientar peritos da área durante o exame pericial. Descrição do caso: No caso relatado, a paciente apresentou complicações após cirurgia de enxerto ósseo autógeno para a colocação de implantes. O enxerto foi reabsorvido, e a paciente apresentou hipoestesia na região doadora do enxerto. O cirurgião dentista não a tinha informado sobre os riscos da cirurgia, e não houve aplicação de Termo de Consentimento. Com a comprovação do dano, ocorreu o rompimento da relação profissionalpaciente e a paciente procurou os direitos judicialmente. Conclusão: O correto diagnóstico e planejamento, o consentimento escrito prévio, incluindo os riscos do procedimento, e a adequada abordagem do paciente diminuem as complicações de natureza clínica e legal nos casos de erro odontológico. Da mesma forma, o perito deve ter uma abordagem clínica competente, realizando testes indicados e apropriados para a avaliação adequada do dano gerado...

Enxerto homólogo de mecanismo extensor em artroplastia total do joelho / Extensor mechanism allograft in total knee arthroplasty

OBJETIVO: Analisar a experiência com transplante homologo do mecanismo extensor nas artroplastias totais do joelho e comparar resultados com experiência internacional.MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados retrospectivamente três casos de transplante homologo do mecanismo extensor após artroplastia total do joelho que foram realizados em nosso serviço com apoio de um dos poucos bancos de tecidos brasileiros e tentamos estabelecer se nossa experiência foi similar à reportada na literatura internacional quanto a indicação do paciente, técnica utilizada e resultados.RESULTADOS: Dois casos evoluíram bem com o procedimento e um caso apresentou resultado insatisfatório evoluindo para amputação. Assim como mostra a literatura, tensão adequada do enxerto, fixação tibial apropriada e principalmente seleção precisa do paciente são os melhores preditores de bom resultado.CONCLUSÃO: O procedimento em questão tem indicação precisa, apesar de incomum, tanto pela raridade da problemática quanto pela baixa demanda de enxertos devido aos poucos bancos de tecidos no Brasil.Nível de Evidência IV, Série de Casos.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the experience with allograft transplantation of the extensor mechanism in total knee arthroplasty and compare results with the international experience.METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated three cases of extensor mechanism allograft after total knee arthroplasty performed in our hospital with the aid of one of the few tissue banks in Brazil and attempt to establish whether our experiences were similar to others reported in the world literature regarding patient indication, techniques, and outcomes.RESULTS: Two cases went well with the adopted procedure, and one case showed bad results and progressed to amputation. As shown in the literature, the adequate tension of the graft, appropriate tibial fixation and especially the adequate patient selection are the better predictors of good outcomes. Previous chronic infection can be an unfavorable predictor. CONCLUSION: This surgical procedure has precise indication, albeit uncommon, either because of the rarity of the problem or because of the low availability of allografts, due to the scarcity of tissue banks in Brazil. Level of Evidence IV, Case Series.

Aloinjertos óseos y la función del banco de huesos / Bone allografts and the functions of bone banks

The use of bone grafts is a common practice in musculoskeletal surgery to provide mechanical stability where there is a defect and it allows skeletal reconstruction. Classically auto and allografts have been used. The latter are the choice in large, complex defects. Allografts can be transplanted despite cell death, have osteoconduction and osteoinduction capacity, low antigenicity and biomechanica lproperties similar to the original bone. They can be obtained from living and death donors. They are stored by cryopreservation and lyophilization in entities called bone banks. This is a review about bone allografts and the organization and function of the bone banks.

A Case of Acquired Brown Syndrome after Surgical Repair of a Medial Orbital Wall Fracture

A case of acquired Brown syndrome caused by surgical repair of medial orbital wall fracture is reported in the present paper. A 23-year-old man presented at the hospital with right periorbital trauma. Although the patient did not complain of any diplopia, the imaging study revealed a blow-out fracture of the medial orbital wall. Surgical repair with a calvarial bone autograft was performed at the department of plastic surgery. The patient was referred to the ophthalmologic department due to diplopia that newly developed after surgery. The prism cover test at distant fixation showed hypotropia of the right eye, which was 4 prism diopters (PD) in primary gaze, 20 PD in left gaze, while orthophoric in right gaze. Eye movement of the right eye was markedly limited on elevation in adduction with normal elevation in abduction with intorsion in the right eye present. Forced duction test of the right eye showed restricted elevation in adduction. Computerized tomography scan of the orbits showed the right superior oblique muscle was entrapped between the autografted bone fragment and posterior margin of the fracture. When repairing medial orbital wall fracture that causes Brown syndrome, surgeons should always be careful of entrapment of the superior oblique muscle if the implant is inserted without identifying the superior and posterior margin of the orbital fracture site.

Donor site morbidity following iliac crest bone graft / Morbilidad del sitio donante tras un injerto óseo de cresta ilíaca

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the complications of harvesting autogenous bone from the iliac crest. METHODS: A retrospective review of patients undergoing iliac crest bone grafting at the University Hospital of the West Indies, during the period 2000-2004, was performed. One hundred and three patients were identified. Thirty-two patients were successfully contacted and 30 completed the questionnaire. There were 18 males (60%) and 12 females (40%). Their ages ranged from 13 years to 80 years (average 45.6 years). RESULTS: Of the 30 patients, 22 (73.3%) had complications. Fourteen (46.6%) patients had temporary pain; five (16.6%) had chronic pain. Two (6.6%) changed position of clothing due to discomfort at the graft site; five (16.6%) experienced difficulty walking, one reported itching of the scar, one had altered sensation and one was unhappy with the scar. Fourteen patients (46.6%) had minor complications and eight patients (26.6%) had major complications. CONCLUSION: Autogenous iliac crest bone grafting is associated with significant complications.

OBJETIVOS: Evaluar las complicaciones de la cosecha de hueso autógeno de la cresta iliaca. MÉTODOS: Se realizó una revisión retrospectiva de pacientes a los que se les practicó el injerto de hueso de cresta iliaca en el Hospital Universitario de West Indies durante el periodo 2000-2004. Se identificaron ciento tres pacientes. Se logró contactar a treinta y dos de ellos, y 30 respondieron el cuestionario. Hubo 18 varones (60%) y 12 hembras (40%). La edad abarcó de 13 años a 80 años (promedio 45.6 años) RESULTADOS: De los 30 pacientes, 22 (73.3%) tuvieron complicaciones. Catorce (46.6%) pacientes tuvieron dolor temporal; 5 (16.6%) tenían dolor crónico. Dos (6.6%) cambiaron la posición de la ropa porque sentían malestar en el sitio del injerto; 5 (16.6%) experimentaron dificultad al caminar; uno reportó sentir comezón en la cicatriz; otro sentía alteración en sus sensaciones, y un último no se sentía satisfecho debido a la cicatriz. Catorce pacientes (46.6%) tuvieron complicaciones menores y ocho pacientes (26.6%) tuvieron complicaciones mayores. CONCLUSIÓN: El injerto de hueso autógeno de la cresta iliaca está asociado con complicaciones significativas.

Reemplazo temporomandibular. ¿Autógeno o aloplástico?: revisión de la literatura / Temporomandibular replacement. Autogenous or alloplastic?: a review of the literature

En algunos casos la patología articular produce la destrucción estructural, por lo que el reemplazo de los componentes de la articulación temporomandibular (ATM) es necesario. Las técnicas quirúrgicas pueden consistir en el reemplazo del cóndilo, la cavidad glenoidea y su eminencia articular, o ambos elementos. En los pacientes en crecimiento con asimetría deben emplearse los injertos costocondrales. La reconstrucción aloplástica es útil en pacientes adultos que han sido sometidos a múltiples operaciones en las que los injertos autógenos han fracasado.

In some cases joint pathology produces the destruction of structures so that replacement of components of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is necessary. Surgical techniques may consist in replacement of the condyle, fossa components, or both elements. In growing individuals with asymmetry, costochondral grafts should be used. The alloplastic reconstruction is specially useful in adult patients who have undergone multiple operations in which autogenous grafts have failed.

Avaliação clinica de enxertos ósseos autógenos de crista ilíaca em maxilas atróficas para instalação de implantes osseointegráveis / Clinical evaluation of bone autogenous bone graft from iliac crest in a atrophic maxillae to perform ossointegrated implants

A falta de estrutura óssea influência diretamente no resultado protético, quando se utiliza implantes osseointegrados. Os enxertos ósseos para reconstrução total de maxilas atróficas anterior aos implantes, tornam-se, muitas vezes, um procedimento indispensável. O osso ilíaco é uma área doadora muito utilizada para enxertos ósseos. Avaliou-se clinicamente 12 pacientes com atrofias totais de maxila, que foram submetidos a enxertos retirados da crista ilíaca. Encontrou-se uma melhora do perfil externo, bem como no posicionamento labial dos pacientes após o enxerto ósseo. Em todos os casos houve aumento do rebordo alveolar. Concluiu-se também, que é possível utilizar enxertos ósseos da crista do ilíaco para reconstruções de maxila atróficas, para instalação de implantes osseointegrados.

The lack of bone structure direct influences prosthethic results, when there is a need for the use of osseointegrated implants. The bone graft for the reconstruction of atrophic total maxillae before the implants has become, in many cases. Was analyzed 12 patients with total maxillae atrophy who where undergone to bone graft surgery from the iliac crest. Was found an improvement of the external profile, as well as, in the patients in the patients lip positioning after bone graft. In all cases there was an increase of bone in alveolar crest. Also in conclusion, it is possible the use iliac bone graft to reconstructed atrophic total maxillae in order to perform osseointegrated implants.

Clostridial wound infection following reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament using bone- patella- bone autograft

A 27-year-old rugby player underwent anterior cruciate ligament [ACL] reconstruction, using autograft. Postoperatively, septic arthritis was missed due to atypical presentation but diagnosed 2 days later and underwent open arthrotomy and lavage, He received antibiotics for 5 weeks. Aspirate showed clostridium perfringens. Later, extension lag was developed, which improved by arthroscopic excision of fibrous tissue and adhesions. The source of clostridial contamination remained a mystery. Skin preparation can be ineffective in eradicating clostridium perfringens prior to procedures. Routine prophylactic use of metronidazole would be controversial. In patients with postoperative infections, we suggest that samples should be routinely sent for anaerobic cultures

Comparação de osteossíntese com placa e osteossíntese com placa associada a enxerto de proteína morfogenética óssea em fratura bilateral distal de rádio e ulna em cão: relato de caso / Comparison between bone plate osteosinthesis and bone plate associated to bone morphogenetic protein in a bilateral distal fracture of radius and ulna in a dog: case report

Os cuidados e dificuldades em reparação de fraturas de rádio-ulna de cães de porte pequeno são conhecidos, com a ocorrência freqüente de não-união óssea, principalmente no que tange as fraturas distais, relacionadas a características anatômicas inerentes, como pouco recobrimento de tecido muscular, canal medular de diâmetro reduzido, e pouca vascularização. Tendo em vista esta realidade, descreve-se a comparação entre o tratamento com placa e parafuso e placa e parafuso com adição de proteína morfogenética óssea em fratura completa transversa de terço distal bilateral de rádio-ulna, de semelhante apresentação em cão da raça Pinscher, atendido no Serviço de Cirurgia de Pequenos Animais do HOVET / USP. Avaliou-se, comparativamente, o tempo de formação de calo ósseo, por exames radiográficos, aos 30, 60, 90 e 120 dias de pós-operatório, onde foi encontrado tempo de cicatrização de 90 dias no membro controle enquanto que, no membro tratado com a proteína morfogenética óssea, o tempo de cicatrização foi de 30 dias, demonstrando a possibilidade de incremento que o uso de fatores de crescimento podem trazer ao tratamento de fraturas em cães de pequeno porte.

The aims and difficuIties in small breed dogs radius and ulna fracture repair are known, frequently occurring cases of nonunionn principally in distal part of these bones, by their inherent anatomical characteristics, as poor muscular recovering, small medullar channel and less vascular aport, that are the principal causes of complication in post surgical or conservative procedures. By this reallty, the comparison between treatment with bone plate and screws, with and without addition of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), in distal fracture of radius and ulna in a Doberman Pinscher, cared in HOVET surgical area is described. It was evaluated the bone callus formation, by radiographic examination in 30th ,60th ,90th and 120th day of surgical procedure, being visualized total consolidation after 90 days in the control member and after 30 days in the BMP member, showing all the beneficial possibilities of the BMP use in cases of distal fractures in small breed dogs.

Estudo histológico dos enxertos ósseos homólogos humanos / A histological study of human allografts

Devido ao crescente uso dos enxertos homólogos humanos (aloenxertos) nas cirurgias ortopédicas reconstrutivas, há a necessidade do completo conhecimento de suas características biomecânicas e histológicas. Este estudo compara, quanto às características histológicas, os enxertos de cadáver colhidos de côndilo femoral a fresco, aos criopreservados a menos 80 graus C por trinta dias. São comparados vinte espécimes em cada grupo, quanto aos seguintes parâmetros histológicos: viabilidade celular, presença de vascularização, necrose, manutenção da matriz óssea, processo inflamatório, remodelação óssea e fibrose. Após análise estatística utilizando o método de Fisher ( p menor ou igual a 0,05), o estudo conclui que apenas a viabilidade celular apresenta mudança significativa após a criopreservação. Os enxertos ósseos não necessitam de células viáveis para sua utilização. Logo, o processo de criopreservação é um método útil para o armazenamento dos aloenxertos em bancos de tecidos não inviabilizando seu emprego futuro nas cirurgias ortopédicas.

Osteonecrosis del cóndilo femoral: informe de 32 casos / Osteonechrosis of femoral condyle: report of 32 cases

Se revisaron 32 casos de osteonecrosis idiopática espontánea del cóndilo femoral medial en 29 pacientes, 18 mujeres y 11 hombres, con una edad entre 60 y 73 años, tratados entre 1986 y 1992 con un seguimiento medio de 85 meses, presentándose a consulta entre uno y 36 meses (media cuatro meses) después del inicio de los síntomas. En el primer examen se tuvieron siete casos en el estadio I de Koshino, ocho casos en el estadio II, 11 en el estadio III y seis en el estadio IV. Cinco casos del estadio I pasaron al estadio II dentro de los tres meses después de la primera observación, mientras que en los otros dos los cóndilos se aplastaron y desarrollaron un modelo artrósico moderado del compartimiento interno en los cinco años sucesivos. De estos cinco casos y los ocho casos del estadio II del inicio, nueve casos evolucionaron hacia un estadio III dentro del año siguiente, con una degradación artrósica con el tiempo en todos los casos. En el estadio IV se presentó un deterioro artrósico y un aumento del varo de la rodilla. Los siete casos del estadio I y cuatro casos del estadio II (15 por ciento) con lesiones de menos de 3.5 cm2, se trataron inicialmente en forma no quirúrgica evolucionando satisfactoriamente. En los tres casos del estadio II de superficie entre 3.5 cm2 y 5 cm2 tratados por artroscopia y perforaciones, se fracasó en dos casos, mientras que el tercer caso continúa en estadio II. Una osteotomía tibial valgizante de descarga se practicó en 20 rodillas en el estadio III, seis se relacionaron con injerto osteocondral autólogo fresco, siete (35 por ciento) presentaron un resultado aceptable. El agregar el injerto no mejoró el resultado. En 19 casos (60 por ciento) se realizó la colocación de prótesis total de la rodilla como tratamiento definitivo. Estos resultados y sus porcentajes son hechos comparables de la indicación de las prótesis en el tratamiento de las artrosis de rodilla.

Experiencia con el sulfato de calcio como sustituto de injertos óseos / Experience with calcium sulfate as bone implants substitute

Durante los últimos años la utilización de injerto óseo autológo o heterólogo en distintas patologías de la cirugía ortopédica, ha tenido un auge espectacular y múltiples reportes han cobrado su eficacia. Sin embargo esto ha traído como consecuencia ciertos problemas en su utilización derivados de la disponibilidad insuficiente la transmisión de enfermedades, el aumento de la morbilidad relacionada con el área donadora y el costo. Estas limitaciones han conducido a la investigación para el desarrollo de sustitutos artificiales de hueso, a base de sulfato de calcio (CaSo4), los cuales han demostrado su efectividad, por poseer propiedades osteoconductoras. En este estudio presentamos nuestra experiencia entre 16 casos con distintas patologías del sistema músculo esquelético en los que se utilizó sulfato de calcio como sustituto de injerto óseo. Estos casos tuvieron un seguimiento de nueve meses, período desde el cual se comercializa este producto en Venezuela. Todos los casos han tenido una evolución clínica satisfactoria y radiológicamente sa ha observado una osteointegración del producto similar del injerto óseo autólogo o heterólogo utilizado tradic lonalmente. Estos resultados demuestran, que los productos a base de sulfato de calcio representan una alternativa valiosa y económicamente accesible para el manejo de múltiples patologías ortopédicas que requieren la utilización del injerto óseo

Hernia through iliac bone graft donor site

Herniation of small bowel occurred through an iliac wing defect six years after a bone grafting procedure at wuich bone had been removed from the middle portion of the crest. Repair was carried out with a double Marlex mesh. To date, there has been recurrence. This rare complication in our patient illustrates further why full thickness bone graft should not be obtained from the middle section of the crest

p24 antigen screening to reduce the risk of HIV transmission by seronegative bone allograft donors.

BACKGROUND: During the last decade, more than 2000 bone allografts harvested from 888 donors and processed by the Queensland Bone Bank have been transplanted in over 1500 patients in Australia and New Zealand. A strict protocol to eliminate HIV transmission by fresh frozen allografts is followed; and not a single case of HIV transmission has been reported. METHODS: All donors were screened and strict donor exclusion criteria were used. All donor blood samples were subjected to double testing including antibody to HIV-1, HIV-2 and HTLV-1 and p24 antigen. The allografts negative for these tests were subjected to processing, including removal of extraneous tissue, pulsatile lavage to remove marrow elements, and immersion in 97% alcohol for 20 minutes. Allografts were subjected to 25 cGy irradiation before transplantation. RESULTS: Allografts were retrieved from a total of 950 donors and 51 were discarded after screening for contamination by organisms other than HIV-1. Eleven donors negative for HIV-1 antibodies tested positive for p24 antigen and were discarded. Allografts from donors testing negative for both the tests (n = 888) were irradiated and used for transplantation. CONCLUSIONS: Routine p24 antigen testing and irradiation of allograft should be mandatory for bone banks, especially those freezing fresh allografts. p24 antigen testing is inexpensive, rapid and easy. Certain guidelines must be followed to avoid misleading results of p24 testing.